Life and Adventures of
Captain E.A. Johnson, Saba N.A.
Introduction
Captain Earnest Alfred Johnson, also known as "Twenty-one knot Johnson" was born on Saba on June 15th, 1884. After a long and eventful life at sea, he retired to his native island. He passed away in ___, and was buried close to his home on Booby Hill.
In 1950 W.J. Goslinga, inspector at the Department of Education on Curacao, released a mimeographic edition of Captain Earnest´s reminiscences, spanning 1900-19201. The book is entitled Life and Adventures Captain E.A. Johnson, Saba Netherlands Antilles. Known as Twenty-one knot Johnson.
By saying "Part I", the editor of the book brings the ambition of publishing a second part. This, however, was never carried through. Reasons of age were marking Captain Earnest2.
The following index of the book Life and Adventures .... is listing names of persons, ships and places. Besides major events in the life of Capatin Earnest (in short EAJ, below). The place names are mainly grouped under country names, in order to give a better understanding of the various places.
This index is dedicated to a dear friend - Louise Westermann-van der Steen in Hilversum. Louise gave me the reading pleasure to follow in the wake of Captain Earnest Alfred Johnson.
It should be noted that the second edition of Will Johnson´s book Saban Lore (1983:64, 49), brings photos of Captain Earnest and one of the many ships he mastered, the T.N. Barnsdell. This will also be found in a third edition (1989:32).
A short biography by Johnson, including some rare photos, is awailable on the Internet. Click here to enter the site of Captain Earnest written by Will Johnson and made available on the net by Richard Holmes.
Quoting Will Johnson in the Saba Herald (187:6):
On Tuesday January 31st, 1984, Mrs Mary Mildred Hassell
born Johnson, who was born in New York on February 4th,
1922 died quite suddenly of an apparent massive heart
attack at her home on Booby Hill.
She was laid to rest, in the presence of her children and a
large number of people from Saba, Statia and St Maarten,
on Sunday February 5th in the Anglican Cemetery in Wind-
wardside.
Mary was a daughter of the wellknown Captain Ernest
Alfred Johnson and had been married twice. To Gerald
Hassell who died and then later to Jones Hassell who also
died. Mary had to work very hard under difficult circum-
stances to raise her children. To her children and other
relatives we tender our deepest sympathy.
Adams, Charles; Captain 65
American Ice Co., in Philadelphia 45
Anaguda Island (not identified, probably located in the Bahamas) 68
Anderson; a quarter master 97
Antigua 23, 24
Argentina 120
Buenos Aires 101, 103, 121
La Plata 103
Montevideo 101, 102, 121
Rosario 121-123, 126
Australia 54
Aves Island (also known as Bird Island) 29, 53, 56, 118
Bahamas Islands (geographical) 58, 61, 66
Abaco Light 58
Anaguda Island (? not identified) 68
"Anchorage", the home of T. Hassell 100, 101
Bimini Island (spelt Bemini) 66
Crooked Island Passage 30
Nassau 88, 89, 96, 100, 101
Salt Key Bank 68
Watling´s Island (or San Salvador) 107
Barbados 4, 16, 17, 22-24, 42, 55, 63, 103, 120
Barnes; Saban captain 23
Barness (?), William; of Saba 9
Belano, James W; Captain 53-55, 58, 60, 61, 63, 74, 139
Bermuda 5, 7, 8, 10, 31, 70
Hamilton 8-12
prisoners of Boer War 10
Northwest Passage 13
Somerset 9, 10, 12
Bird Island; see Aves Island
Black Diamond Trade 52
Blake, Captain 45
Brazil 120, 139
Cape Frio 102
Rio de Janeiro 53, 54, 62, 74, 120, 121, 139
Santos 121
Butler, Miss Ada; stewardess 58, 62
Cahn, Mabel; of Bermuda 10, 12
Campbell
inspector at Port of New York 87, 118
J.; 1st engineer 110
Campion; captain of "Morro Castle" 89, 94
Canada
Breton 25
Nova Scotia
Cut of Canso 24
Halifax 51
Lunenburg 24
Montreal 77
New Foundland 40, 41
Pictou - St John, New Brunswick 25
Prince Edward Island 24, 25, 27
Charlottetown 25
Summerside 25
Carey, Captain 44, 51
Carso; a mate 36
Cayenne (Dutch Guiana)
Cayenne (French Guiana) 20-24, 27, 31
Carsevanne River, the gold fields at ... 21
Devil´s Island 22
Maroni 17, 18, 22, 23
Nanini; the goldfields at ... 17-19, 22, 23
Chile
Arica 110, 111, 131, 151
Caleta Buena 109, 111, 112
Cape Horn 12
Iquique 109, 111
Tocopilla 131, 151
China 27, 113
Cook, C.M.; commander of U.S. Submarine 146, 149
Crabtree, Captain 34
Craiger, Captain 35
Cuba 69, 87, 88, 103, 118
Antilla 107
Bayamo 103
Cienfuegos 103, 104, 118
Havana 87, 89, 95, 96, 100, 101, 103, 104, 108, 118, 119
Matanzas 87, 108, 119
Morro Castle Lighthouse 68
Nuevitas 107
Santiago 103, 104
Curtiz/s, John; Captain 120, 121, 128
Daniels; secretary of U.S. Navy Department 143, 155, 157
Davis, Miss Eva 76, 77
Degan, Mrs; of Cypress Hills, Long Island 77, 78
Degay, Mr; of Cayenne 17
Dollar, James; Captain 87, 102, 103
Dominion Line, Old; a U.S. Shipping Company 77
Donaldson, Mr 101
Dow; a U.S. captain 34, 76, 78
Dreams of "EAJ" (chronological)
Jacksonville in flames 14
Martinique, volcanic eruption 24
his father drowned 46
San Francisco, earthquake 48
birth of his 1st child 50
birth of his 2nd child 54
Captain Belano to be shot 63, 74
steamer almost striking their vessel 70
S.S. "Titanic" sinking 71
boatswain drowned by cock 72
W.W.I, U.S. involved - convoying 77
not to buy his 1st vessel 85
nest egg in Havana Lottery 95
marriage on board 96
derelict ship ahead 97
German raider off Brazil 102
boiler smashing a winch 104
on the spot of "M.M. Hart´s" loss 109
W.W.I ends 112
exitement in Mexico 113
changes in the world (1927-1932) 114
rescuing sunken submarine 136, 139, 142
master of fastest sailing vessel 152
steel plate from submarine (S-5) 154
Dreyfus; prisoner of Devils Island 22
Drisco, Captain 60, 61
England/G.B. 77, 90, 92
Burry Docks, Wales 128
The Downs 128
London 25
Ecuador
Europe 80
Fansteel, see Pfanstiehl
Fielder; a Tampa businessman 133
Fletcher, James; mate of "Nellie T.M." 12
France 77, 112
Frazer, Constance; of Bermuda 9
Fred Alterfons Hotel, N.Y.C.; see Seamans Institute
French Guiana (F.G.), see Cayenne
Germany 77, 80, 121, 128
Goodwin; a U.S. captain 27, 30, 32, 54, 55
Grace, W.G.; chief engineer "General G." 158
Grace Line; a U.S. Shipping Company 109
pier in Brooklyn, N.Y. 112
S.S. "Santa Isabel" 109
Groutcher; mate of "M.M. Thomas" 61
Haiti 29, 108
Cape Haitien 29, 31
Fort Liberte 29, 107
Gonaives 31
Halligor; captain of U.S.S. "Ohio" 150
Haskel
Captain 51, 52, 97
Kate; the captain´s daughter 51
Hassell
Alois 33
Ben; Saban captain 49
Bloomfield 7
Captain 5, 23, 43, 44, 51, 64, 66, 76
Carl; a sailor 25
Edward C.; early fiancé of Mrs Johnson 33
Herbert; of Saba 29
Johnnie Ben; quarter master the "Tiber" 11
Johnny 32
Peter; barge-engineer 32
Peter; a Saban 2nd officer 87
Simon; a Saban engineer 50
Telsie; cousin of "EAJ" 96, 100, 101
Tommy 7
Henderhahn; a 1st mate 62
Holden, Captain 74
Holland
The Hague 128
Hook 128
Rotterdam 121, 128, 130
Honduras 113
Houston, Sam; Captain 103
Huff; a captain 105
Hurt, J.J.; ass. engineer the "Alanthus" 146
India 16
Jackson, Carl; see Jakobson, C.
Jakobson, C.; chief engineer the "Alanthus" 146, 155, 158
Japan 113
Johnson
father of "EAJ" 46
George; cousin of "EAJ" 12
John; 1st mate and uncle of "EAJ" 16, 65, 74
Joseph; mate of schooner 79
Lottie Grace; daughter of "EAJ" 50
Louis; cousin of "EAJ" 17
Peter; a quarter-master 142, 153
William Alfred; son of "EAJ" 56
William James; brother of "EAJ" 112
Johnson, Earnest Alfred ("EAJ" in short)
- compare "Dreams" & "Johnson"
- brother, see W.J.J.
- brother-in-law, see ?
- cousin; see Telsie Hassell
- son; see William Alfred
- uncle; see John Johnson
born on June 15th, (1884) 3
leaving home on May 1st, (1900) 5
"shanghaied" by a Saban captain 16
to the goldfields in Nanini 17
the little girl he loved 33
becoming a U.S. citizen 52, 73
working at U.S. creosote plant 65
overboard in heavy sea 81
ending his sailing mate days 84
licensed 1st mate of sail 87
English widow offering marriage 90
licensed 1st mate of steam 103
joining the naval Reserve 103
in Government Service 108
moving to Richmond Hill, N.Y.C. 108
at Staten Island Hospital 116
licensed master of steam 118
an Argentine romance 122
"Fred" - his nickname 136
rescuing the U.S. Submarine (S-5) 144
address 1115 Bedford Avenue, R:d Hill 144, 156
Jones, captain of "Havana" 89
Kennedy, J.; U.S. captain from Maine 13
Lewis, J.F.; a 3rd officer 143
Lindsay, James; mate of "Lillie" 5
Martinborough, Martin; of Saba 29
Martinique 74
St Pierre 24, 25
Mont Pele eruption 24>BR>
Master
Kate; daughter of Mary M. 9
Mary, Mrs; of Bermuda 9
Mayo; Mayor of Southeast Harbour, U.S. 85
McDonald; a mate on "M.M. Thomas" 55
McLaughin/McLaughlin, Captain 47
Mexico (City) 88-91, 93, 101, 106, 113
"Mexico Run" 96
Progreso 88, 90, 96, 101, 105
Tampico 88, 89, 93, 96, 101, 105
Veracruz 88-91, 93, 96, 101, 105, 106
Midendraugh, Peggy; Miss 101
Miller; a captain of the "Saratoga" 89
Mitchell
a captain from St Vincent 22
a Tampa businessman 133
Montserrat 23
Montsuk Point3 30
Morgan Line 15
Munson Line4
a U.S. Shipping Company 107
S.S. "Munomar" 107
Murkesson, James; Captain 24
Nash, Ernest; Captain 48
Nicaragua 113
North Sea 128
Oakes, Captain; a superintendent 88, 89, 105
O´Brien; manager of Paulson Co. 80, 81
O´Keefe, Captain "Red Mike" 88
Panama (Canal) 110-112, 115, 131, 132, 151
Patterson, Bill; of Bermuda 10
Paulson Company in Savannah, U.S. 80
Peckard, Mr; of Providence, U.S. 78
Peru
Callao 110, 112-114, 132, 151
Peterson, James; Saban captain 27
Pfanstiehl
Christian; from Saba 116
Christine; sister of Christian 117
Lillie; sister of Christian 117
Poland, Frank; Captain 35, 38
Portugal
Azores (earlier named Western Islands) 41, 53, 63
Cape St Vincent, Cape Verde Islands 128, 129
Potter 134-137
C.H.; brother of F.F. 130
F.F.; brother of C.H. 130
Transportation Co., N.Y.C. 144
Puerto Rico 24, 46
Guanica 30, 31
Humacao 23
Jobas 64, 74
San Juan 33, 46, 47, 68, 108, 109
Pugsley; a U.S. captain
Quinlan, Captain 110-112, 115, 131, 132, 151
Ramsay, Captain, 113
Rivers, William; a mariner of Great Cayman 59
Rogers, Captain 50, 51
Routes
Black Diamond Trade 52, 139
Cuban Run 107, 108
Mexico Run 96, 101, 105
Russia 113
Saba 3, 16, 22, 49, 64, 66, 76, 108, 117, 128
Booby Hill 3, 64, 108
Southside Anchorage/Landing 5, 33
San Salvador, see Watling´s Island, Bahama Islands
Seamans Institute, N.Y.C. 27
Sharpley, Captain
Ship (WJ=Windjammer)
Adelaide Barber, 4-masted WJ 45
Alanthus, S.S. 130, 133-135, 138, 139, 143-158
Alice May Davenport, 4-masted WJ 46, 48
Augustus Babcock, 4-masted WJ 64, 65
Bar Harbor, S.S.; a "Ward Liner" 118, 119
Bayamo; a "Ward Liner" 103
Cauta; a "Ward Liner" freighter 12, 122, 126
Colston; sloop of Bermuda 10
Corona, S.S. 64
Daisy, schooner 24
Derega; of Bath, Maine 54, 55
Eddie M. Lawrence, 6-masted schooner, 50
Edward H. Cole, 4-masted WJ schooner 50
Esperanza; a "Ward Liner" 96-100
Ethel, Saban sloop 64, 66, 76
Fairfield, schooner 76, 78
Fanny Palmer, 5-masted WJ 52, 53
Foaming Sea, WJ 22
Forest City, U.S. schooner 79, 80, 83, 109
Frank Benedict, schooner 79
Frank T. Stinson, 4-masted WJ 51, 97
General Goethals; Pan American S.S. 147-149, 158
Georg W. Goethals, see General Goethals
Gido, S.S. 87
Golden Rod, N. Scotia barkantine 24
Harry W. Haines, 3-masted schooner 27, 28, 31, 32, 107
Havana, S.S. 89
Horace A. Stone, 4-masted WJ 48
Ida C. Southeard, 3-masted WJ 45
James W..; 3-masted schooner of Edward Island 24
Jefferson, S.S.; a "Dominion Liner" 77, 108
John B. Bymiller 65
John B. Coyle, schooner 35
John D. Cauldwell, 4-masted WJ 66
John Maxwell 34
Joseph B. Thomas 61
Joseph W. Hawthorne 35, 37, 40
Lacania, French WJ 17, 22
Lakeland, S.S. 108
Le Jock, schooner 32, 33
Lillie, schooner/sloop 5, 23, 42, 43, 51, 117
Lizzie M. Parsons, 4-masted WJ 45, 46
Maggie M. Hart 33, 109
Margaret Haskel; of Maine 97
Margaret (M.) Thomas, 4-masted schooner 76, 77
Mary Hassell, schooner 49
Mary W. Bowen, 5-masted schooner 76, 77
Matanzas, S.S.; a "Ward Liner" 87, 101, 105
Mexico, S.S.; a "Ward Liner" 87
Minerva, a WJ from British W.I. 22, 23
Morro Castle, a "Ward Liner" 88, 89, 95, 96, 105-107
Munomar, S.S.; a "Munson Liner" 107, 108
Nellie M. Johnson 23
Nellie T. Morris; a U.S. schooner 11
Neptune; a U.S. tugboat 59
Ohio, U.S.S. 150, 151
Parama, S.S. 44, 51, 65, 66, 75, 76, 108
Perry, U.S. 2-masted schooner 85
Perry Setzer, 4-masted WJ 50
Priscella, see Priscilla
Priscilla5, Saban 2-masted schooner 16, 23, 28
S-5; U.S. submarine 143, 144, 148, 152-158
Santa Isabel, S.S.; a "Grace Liner" 107, 111, 112, 131
Saratoga, S.S. 89
Shenandoah, full-rigger 16
Springfield, 4-masted WJ schooner 46
Tiber, S.S. 5, 6, 8, 11
Titanic, S.S. 71
Yarmouth, English battleship 132
Simmons
Harold 16, 17
Lorenzo, Saban captain 22, 23
Smith; a U.S. captain from Maine 32, 33
Smith, Miss; nurse at Staten Island Hospital 117
Snug Harbor, see Staten Island Hospital
South America 112, 120, 151
Spain 42, 87
Spinney, Captain 64, 66
St Kitts 5, 7, 23, 42, 44, 49, 51, 64, 65, 75, 76, 108, 117
Basse Terre 5
Montesaires Hotel 5
St Lucia, B.W.I. 24, 101
Port Castries Bay 101
St Lucia Passage 24
St Thomas (Light) 6, 51, 65, 75, 108
St Vincent 22
Stanton, Louis; Captain 79
Staten Island Hospital, N.Y.C. 116
Sumner, David; Captain 47
Swinson; captain of "General Goethals" 147
Tucker, William 11
Tanning, Captain 96, 97
Teskey, Captain 118, 119
Tilton, Captain 45
Tomlin, Captain 46
Trask; a U.S. captain of Bangor, Maine 53
Trastrip, Captain 104, 105
Trip, Captain 76, 77
Tucker, William 11
U.S.A. 10, 11, 112, 122, 153, 158
Apalachicola, Florida 72
Attleboro, Massachusetts 117
Baltimore (Curtis Bay), Maryland 46-48, 57-63, 65, 100, 101, 138
- Georgetown River 62
Banger, see Bangor
Bangor, Maine 45, 48, 135, 136
Barnegat, New Jersey 74
Bath, Maine 13, 46, 53
Block Island, Rhode Island 70
Boothbay (Harbour), Maine 45
Boston (Bay/L. Vessel/Neponset) 25, 35, 47, 50-53, 60, 62, 65, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 78, 136, 138, 139, 142, 144, 152
- Mystic Dock 50, 52
- Nick´s Mate Lighthouse 53
Brooklyn, N.Y.C. 112, 115, 128
Brunswick, Maine 46
Bucksport, Maine 34, 76
Camden, Maine 153
Cape
- of Delaware, Philadelphia(?) 150
- Cod, Massachusetts 50
- Henry, Virginia 47, 58, 60, 138
- Hatteras, N. Carolina 32, 37, 60, 81, 83,109
- Lookout, N. Carolina 81
Carteret, New Jersey 65
Charleston, S. Carolina 37, 45, 46, 57, 65, 76, 78
Claremont, Virginia 136, 154
Delaware Cape/-s, Philadelphia 47, 66, 153
Ellsworth, Maine 27
Fernandina, Florida 45, 65
Georgetown, W.D.C. 52
Gretna, Louisiana 68
Gulfport, Mississippi 32
Hampton Roads, Virginia 77, 108, 136, 141, 142, 144
Hog Island, Virginia 76
Jacksonville (Bar), Florida 14, 35-37, 46, 134
- Dansler´s Mill 14
Jupiter, Florida 61, 97
Kennebeck, Maine 35, 51
Key West, Florida 34, 71, 72
Long Island 77
- Fire Island Light Vessel 83
- Montauk Point (spelt Monsuk) 30
Mosspoint, Mississippi 46, 65
New Bedford 76, 78
New Jersey 84, 110, 135
- Amboy, Perth/South 35, 45, 78
- Bayonne 14
- Highlands 84
- Jersey City 15, 108, 112
- Sandy Hook 15, 16, 27, 84
New Orleans, Louisiana 66, 68, 101, 103, 133, 152
New York (City) 14-16, 23, 25-28, 31-34, 44-48, 50, 51, 64-66, 74-77, 79, 81, 83, 84, 86-89, 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 103-109, 112, 115, 118-120, 128, 130, 131, 134, 135, 140, 149
- Greenpoint 16, 49
Newport News, Virginia 35, 50-52, 65, 76, 78, 136, 151, 154
Norfolk, Virginia 32, 50, 76, 77, 79, 108, 131, 136, 137, 144, 150, 154-156
Old Point Comfort, Virginia(?) 77, 108
Pascagula, Florida 69
Pensacola, Florida
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 35, 45, 47, 54, 64, 66, 74, 118, 135
- Navy Yard 148
Phippsburg, Maine 78
Port Arthur, Texas 101, 103
Portland (South), Maine 35
Portsmouth, New Hampshire 46, 47, 155
Providence, Rhode Island 65, 73, 76, 77
Richmond Hill, Long Island 78, 108, 109, 125, 127, 128, 144, 156
Rockland, Maine 85
Roslyn, Long Island, N.Y. 71, 72
San Francisco, California 48,
Satilla River, Georgia 15, 78
Savannah (Bar), Georgia 15, 78
Sewell´s Point, Virginia 151, 153
South Shoal Light Vessel, Massachusetts 38, 71, (75)
Southeast Harbor, Maine 85, 86
St Petersburg, Florida 34
Stamford, Connecticut 29-32
Stockton Springs, Maine 48
Straits of Florida, 47, 57
Tampa (Bar/City/Port), Florida 34, 37, 47, 56, 58-61, 63, 65, 133
- Egmont Key 63
Thomaston, Maine 53, 61, 81
Tortugas, Florida
- Dry 32
- Sand Island 74
Washington D.C. 51, 108, 136, 138, 143, 148, 155, 156, 158
Van Namee
John, Captain 66
Mrs; his wife 66, 67
Vanderpool
Captain; of Saba 16, 17, 23, 28, 30
Tommy; brother of captain above 16, 17
Wallace; a U.S. captain 35
Ward Line4; a U.S. Shipping Company 129
Bar Harbor, S.S. 118, 119
Bayamo 103
Cauta, S.S.; freighter 120, 122, 126
Esperanza 100
Havana, S.S. 89
Matanzas, S.S. 87
Mexico, S.S. 88
Morro Castle, passenger ship 88
pier at foot of Wall Street, N.Y.C. 104, 128
Saratoga, S.S. 89
West Indies 16
Western Islands; see Azores, Portugal
Whiley; a U.S. captain from Maine 46, 47, 52
White, Lillie; an English widow 90-94
Wilhelmina, Queen of Holland 128
Wiley; compare Whiley 52
Wilson; a 1st mate on "J.D. Cauldwell" 70, 72
Windfield, Matty6; Captain 24
Wolf, Mrs; of Baltimore 101
Worms; a 1st officer 87
Notes
- S.R. Criens in Literatuuroverzicht van de Nederlandse Antillen (1985:364).
- Mrs Louise J. Westermann-van der Steen, secretary of Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor het Caraibisch Gebied in Amsterdam, informed me that any second part was never published (phone 1994.10.04).
- Probably Montauk Point, Long Island, U.S.A.
- Craton (1962:259), says the Ward Line maintained connection between the Bahamas and New York from 1879 to 1917, when the Munson Company took over.
From 1917 the Munson Company operated the vital connection between the Bahamas and New York by a ten year contract. The company were to provide a weekly service from January to April and a fortnightly service for the rest of the year. In return they gained an annual subsidary of £35,000.
- Johnson (1989:16), brings a photo of the schooner Prisilla (also spelt Priscilla and Priscella) at anchor in Fort Bay, Saba in 1923. Compare note Priscilla, below.
- A Saban captain of St John´s, according to Johnson (1989:107). He mastered the schooner Daisy.
- S.S. Morro Castle at Cramps Shipyards in Philadelphia. The photo belongs to the American Memory Collections in the U.S. Library of Congress.
These collections are focusing on the American culture and history. Click here for further presentation.
About a schooner, the Priscilla
Captain William Benjamin "Ben" Hassell once owned a schooner named the Priscilla, according to Johnson (1989:115). In a series of articles carried by the Saba Herald, Will Johnson pictures mailservice between the islands from 1853 to 1983. The first insertion began in #191 and it was completed in #196. Quoting the Saba Herald (191:6):
- On June 21st 1911, the first of the Saban owned mailboats entered the scene, namely the schooner "Priscilla", as it appears from the following agreement:
- 1st
- Albert Land temporary Administrator of Finances, as appointed by government
- 2nd
- Samuel Augustus Simmons, captain of the Dutch schooner "Priscilla" with 69 registered tons and belonging to Saba,
- do hereby declare to have made the following contract with regard to a voyage to the Islands St Maarten, St Eustatius and Saba and return, under the following conditions:
- 1st
- That the schooner is perfectly seaworthy, properly crewed and in every respect equipped to leave on this voyage on the 23rd instant with destination to the abovementioned islands.
- 2nd
- That the schooner must call twice at each of these islands, once to land the mail and once to take the mails.
- 3rd
- That the government will pay to the contracting party Simmons on his arrival at Curacao, the sum of three hundred and seventy five guilders for the transport of mails and other government goods.
- 4th
- That for government passengers of Curacao to one of the islands abovementioned, shall be paid to the contracting party Simmons: for each first class passenger, with luggage the sum of fourty guilders and for each second class passenger, with luggage, the sum of twenty guilders.
- 5th
- That the feeding of the government passengers shall be at the expense of the contracting party Simmons.
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